PSG has now won the prestigious trophy on 14 separate times.
The Parisian giants needed a stoppage-time equaliser followed by a successful penalty shootout to overcome their arch-rivals in the Gulf and capture a fourth straight French Super Cup title.
The European champions seemed to be sailing towards a comfortable win in the showdown featuring the Ligue 1 winners and the French Cup winners after the French winger found the net early on.
Yet, Marseille fired two times late to seize a shock advantage. Initially, the English forward converted from the penalty spot, before the defender unfortunately directed the ball into his own net for an own-goal.
In a breathtaking turn of fortune, the Portuguese striker snatched a vital equaliser in the final seconds to force the contest into a deciding shootout. The Parisian shot-stopper Chevalier then emerged as the hero, saving decisive kicks from O'Riley and Hamed Traore.
From the spot, Ramos, Vitinha, the full-back, and the young talent all converted with composure for Paris Saint-Germain to complete a 4-1 penalty victory.
The record winners PSG, who faced last season's Ligue 1 runners-up Marseille after completing a league and cup double, have now won this trophy for the twelfth time in the past thirteen years.